Which condition is characterized by swollen lymph nodes?

Swollen lymph nodes, also known as lymphadenopathy, are primarily associated with the body's immune response to infections, diseases, or other conditions that trigger an immune reaction. This swelling occurs as lymph nodes become active in filtering pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, which is a key function of the lymphatic system in immunological responses.

When considering immunodeficiencies specifically, these conditions can lead to recurrent infections due to the body's reduced ability to respond effectively to pathogens. As a result, lymph nodes may become swollen as they attempt to combat infections more frequently than in individuals with a normal immune response. Infections that can cause lymph node swelling in immunocompromised patients are often more severe or prolonged, further contributing to lymphadenopathy.

While other conditions listed may potentially lead to swollen lymph nodes in some contexts, they do not have the same direct association as immunodeficiencies. For example, cardiovascular issues might indirectly cause swelling due to fluid retention, but they do not cause lymph node swelling directly. Similarly, endocrine disorders and pulmonary conditions do not typically present with lymphadenopathy as a primary symptom. The defining characteristic of swollen lymph nodes remains most aligned with immunological responses, particularly in the setting of immunodeficiencies.